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加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

电商百晓生 • • 百科知识

Jumbo Heritage List ? Epic Adventure of Jumbo Huang

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加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

第4230回：马克沁机枪里程碑，加特林机枪火神炮

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

现代战争中，军事技术占据了主导地位，所谓的孙子兵法等兵不厌诈的理论战术研究多变成了纸上谈兵。。。

战争驱动创新，技术革命提高了武器的威力，为近代各类殖民战争创造了前提，欧洲强国开始席卷整个非洲，打着种族注义的幌子，真实企图却是掠夺非洲的原材料，尔后欧洲内部也开始出现混战，而枪弹的改进也令死亡人数激增，战争成了绞肉机。。。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

但当进入世纪之交，马克沁携他新发明的利器出现后，加特林机枪立刻相形见绌，销售骤降，在马克沁简洁明了的射击方式面前，摇动手柄的加特林就像个烧爆米花的，笨重、复杂、难以控制（射手摇动手柄必须保持匀速，一旦摇动过快就会卡弹，可在战场紧张的环境下，这几乎不可避免）的弊端暴露无遗，加特林就此让位于后起之秀马克沁。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

第一次世界大战中的索姆河战役，德军大量使用马克沁机枪，德军在壕沟两侧各安排一群枪手，使用马克沁机枪对着冲进阵地的英国佬扫射，结果一天之内就射杀了五万多英国士兵，这在冷兵器时代是绝对不敢想象的！

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

卢吉当时携带了部分原型枪回到乌干达，对于在当地建立据点具有正面助益；第一个采用马克沁的军方单位为1889年新加坡志愿军的采购，随后这款武器才逐渐在英军内开始配发。第一批马克沁机枪是在1888年10月由英国陆军司令嘉内德爵士促成采购，该批订单计120挺，使用子弹与马提尼-亨利步枪共通之 .577/450弹药。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

马克沁真正开始成名的时间为1893年–1894年，马克沁机枪在罗得西亚的第一次马塔贝勒战争中英军以50人的军队操作四挺马克沁机枪击退了5000祖鲁人的进攻，在开阔地形机枪火网足以瓦解步兵冲锋的意志，致使敌方无法瓦解数量居劣的英军，让英军在海外殖民时有着可靠的火力后盾；

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

英军指挥官赫伯特·基奇纳，第一代基奇纳伯爵由北进攻，1898年4月英军攻陷马赫迪首都附近的乌姆·都尔曼，9月推进到法绍达（或译法绍德）。与入侵的法军会面，为避免冲突，英法在1899年3月签订协定以划分非洲的势力范围。协定认可了英国拥有东苏丹全境的势力范围。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

马克沁机枪的主要特点有：弹链供弹，水冷枪管，利用火药气体的后坐力，不需要额外力量便能实现全自动发射过程（包括开锁、抛壳、送弹、闭锁和再次击发），利用肘状机构。。。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

南北战争爆发后，双方军队十分重视对轻武器的改进，加特林也于此时开始研究连发枪械的制造。1862年，他研制出了一款加特林排枪，并取得了专利，虽然直到南北战争结束，他的发明成果也没有获得实际应用，但是在多次改进之后，于1862年发明加特林机枪。时至今日，美国人有时还把枪俗称为“Gat”。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

由于初期加特林机枪为手摇驱动，而战场的紧张气氛会使射手过度紧张或兴奋，会导致手摇速度不稳定而导致机枪卡壳或炸膛，从而被更稳定的马克沁机枪所取代。直到二战之后，开始出现不依赖手动驱动的全自动式旋管武器，使得加特林式机枪得以复兴。

加特林机关枪和马克沁机枪

Jumbo Huang Notes: The Maxim gun was a weapon invented by American-British inventor Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim in 1884: it was the first recoil-operated machine gun in production. It has been termed “the weapon most associated with imperial conquest” by British historian Martin Gilbert, and was heavily used by colonial powers during the Scramble for Africa during the era of New Imperialism.

Sir Hiram Stevens Maxim (5 February 1840 – 24 November 1916) was an American inventor best known as the creator of the first automatic machine gun, the Maxim gun. Maxim held patents on numerous mechanical devices such as hair-curling irons, a mousetrap, and steam pumps. Maxim laid claim to inventing the lightbulb.

Maxim experimented with powered flight; his large aircraft designs were never successful. He designed a highly successful amusement ride called the “Captive Flying Machine” to fund his research while generating public interest in flight.

Maxim moved from the United States to the United Kingdom at the age of 41, and remained an American citizen until he became a naturalised British subject in 1899, and received a knighthood in 1901.

Richard Jordan Gatling (September 12, 1818 – February 26, 1903) was an American inventor best known for his invention of the Gatling gun, which is considered to be the first successful machine gun.The Gatling gun is a rapid-firing multiple-barrel firearm invented in 1861 by Richard Jordan Gatling. It is an early machine gun and a forerunner of the modern electric motor-driven rotary guns and rotary cannons.

The Gatling gun’s operation centered on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing-reloading sequence. As the handwheel is cranked, the barrels rotate clockwise and each barrel sequentially loads a single round of cartridge from a top-mounted magazine, fires off the shot when it reaches a set position (usually at 4 o’clock), then ejects the spent casing out of the left side at the bottom, after which the barrel is empty and allowed to cool until rotated back to the top position and gravity-fed another new round. This configuration eliminated the need for a single reciprocating bolt design and allowed higher rates of fire to be achieved without the barrels overheating quickly.

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